Introduction

• Air pollution can be detrimental to both our health and the climate
  • Outdoor and indoor air pollution cause chronic pain, respiratory diseases, shortened lifespan
  • Air pollution kills about 7 million people worldwide every year
  • Hopefully this information can showcase the importance of air pollution and that we should be more mindful about our planet
• Overview
  • We will see how different air pollution types affect the population
  • compare past and present population numbers
  • determine which air pollutant type has the highest associated death rate

Packages Required

#This will allow us to filter through our data 
library(tidyverse)
library(dplyr)
#This will help us plot figures to showcase our findings
library(ggplot2)
#This will help us organize and display our data as necessary 
library(knitr)
library(kableExtra)
#This expands our plot uses 
library(plotly)
#Scientific Notation Disabled 
options(scipen=999)

Deaths Data

• Deaths from pollution:
  • Kaggle: [https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/akshat0giri/death-due-to-air-pollution-19902017]
  • Author: Akshat Giri
  • Last update: 2 years ago

Import the deaths-due-to-air-pollution data

deaths_df <- data.frame(read.csv("death-rates-from-air-pollution.csv"))

We are going to rename a few of the columns and glimpse the data

colnames(deaths_df) <- c("country", "acronym", "year", "total_deaths", "indoor_deaths", "outdoor_deaths", "ozone_deaths")

glimpse(deaths_df)

## Rows: 6,468
## Columns: 7
## $ country        <chr> "Afghanistan", "Afghanistan", "Afghanistan", "Afghanist~
## $ acronym        <chr> "AFG", "AFG", "AFG", "AFG", "AFG", "AFG", "AFG", "AFG",~
## $ year           <int> 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1~
## $ total_deaths   <dbl> 299.4773, 291.2780, 278.9631, 278.7908, 287.1629, 288.0~
## $ indoor_deaths  <dbl> 250.3629, 242.5751, 232.0439, 231.6481, 238.8372, 239.9~
## $ outdoor_deaths <dbl> 46.44659, 46.03384, 44.24377, 44.44015, 45.59433, 45.36~
## $ ozone_deaths   <dbl> 5.616442, 5.603960, 5.611822, 5.655266, 5.718922, 5.739~

Data Variables

Variables that interest us here include:

• country
• total_deaths: per 100,000
• indoor_deaths: Indoor air pollution is considered pollution that occurs in the household. Cooking with solid fuels:
  • Wood
  • Crop waste, dung
  • Charcoal, coal
• outdoor_deaths: Outdoor air or ambient air are emissions caused by combustion processes from motor vehicles, solid fuel burning and industry
  • Ozone (O3)
  • Particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5)
  • Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
  • Carbon monoxide (CO)
  • Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
• ozone_deaths: Ozone is a gas that occurs both in Earth’s upper atmosphere and at ground level. Ozone in the atmosphere is an important and helpful greenhouse gas, but ground-level ozone is created by extensive use of fossil fuels:
  • Pollutants emitted by cars
  • Power plants, industrial boilers, refineries, chemical plants

World Population Data

• World Population:
  • Kaggle: [https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/imdevskp/world-population-19602018]
  • Author: Devakumar K. P.
  • Last update: 2 Years ago

Now, let’s take a look at the population data.

world_pop <- read.csv("population_total_long.csv")
glimpse(world_pop)

## Rows: 12,595
## Columns: 3
## $ Country.Name <chr> "Aruba", "Afghanistan", "Angola", "Albania", "Andorra", "~
## $ Year         <int> 1960, 1960, 1960, 1960, 1960, 1960, 1960, 1960, 1960, 196~
## $ Count        <int> 54211, 8996973, 5454933, 1608800, 13411, 92418, 20481779,~

To get a general idea of ‘deaths-dataframe’ we made, let’s make a plots to see what’s happening. This is a plot of indoor x outdoor deaths around the world by country.

This is a mess, and so we chose two countries from each continent (a high-population and a low-population country) to graph.

We selected a high population from each continent and used the formula below to determine the low population.

Low population = high population * .10

Combine Data Sets

First let’s look at a table of the high and low populated countries using the world population data set.

## # A tibble: 6 x 3
## # Groups:   Year [1]
##   Country.Name   Year     Count
##   <chr>         <int>     <int>
## 1 Australia      1997  18517000
## 2 Brazil         1997 167209040
## 3 Germany        1997  82034771
## 4 Nigeria        1997 113457663
## 5 Pakistan       1997 131057431
## 6 United States  1997 272657000

## # A tibble: 6 x 3
## # Groups:   Year [1]
##   Country.Name  Year    Count
##   <chr>        <int>    <int>
## 1 Canada        1997 29905948
## 2 Chile         1997 14786220
## 3 Sri Lanka     1997 18470900
## 4 Malawi        1997 10264906
## 5 New Zealand   1997  3781300
## 6 Serbia        1997  7596501

Next, we are going to see the death count for high and low populated countries using the deaths dataframe.

## # A tibble: 6 x 7
## # Groups:   year [6]
##   country   acronym  year total_deaths indoor_deaths outdoor_deaths ozone_deaths
##   <chr>     <chr>   <int>        <dbl>         <dbl>          <dbl>        <dbl>
## 1 Australia AUS      1997         22.4         0.322           21.8        0.314
## 2 Australia AUS      1998         21.5         0.284           21.0        0.305
## 3 Australia AUS      1999         20.4         0.259           19.9        0.295
## 4 Australia AUS      2000         19.4         0.240           18.9        0.290
## 5 Australia AUS      2001         18.6         0.223           18.1        0.284
## 6 Australia AUS      2002         18.1         0.211           17.7        0.286

## # A tibble: 6 x 7
## # Groups:   year [6]
##   country acronym  year total_deaths indoor_deaths outdoor_deaths ozone_deaths
##   <chr>   <chr>   <int>        <dbl>         <dbl>          <dbl>        <dbl>
## 1 Canada  CAN      1997         21.9        0.0878           19.9         2.20
## 2 Canada  CAN      1998         21.7        0.0824           19.6         2.21
## 3 Canada  CAN      1999         21.2        0.0751           19.2         2.19
## 4 Canada  CAN      2000         20.3        0.0682           18.3         2.13
## 5 Canada  CAN      2001         19.8        0.0641           17.9         2.08
## 6 Canada  CAN      2002         19.5        0.0605           17.7         2.05

Lastly, we will join the population and and deaths with its respected country.

## # A tibble: 6 x 8
## # Groups:   year [6]
##   country   acronym  year total_deaths indoor_deaths outdoor_deaths ozone_deaths
##   <chr>     <chr>   <int>        <dbl>         <dbl>          <dbl>        <dbl>
## 1 Australia AUS      1997         22.4         0.322           21.8        0.314
## 2 Australia AUS      1998         21.5         0.284           21.0        0.305
## 3 Australia AUS      1999         20.4         0.259           19.9        0.295
## 4 Australia AUS      2000         19.4         0.240           18.9        0.290
## 5 Australia AUS      2001         18.6         0.223           18.1        0.284
## 6 Australia AUS      2002         18.1         0.211           17.7        0.286
## # ... with 1 more variable: Count <int>

## # A tibble: 6 x 8
## # Groups:   year [6]
##   country acronym  year total_deaths indoor_deaths outdoor_deaths ozone_deaths
##   <chr>   <chr>   <int>        <dbl>         <dbl>          <dbl>        <dbl>
## 1 Canada  CAN      1997         21.9        0.0878           19.9         2.20
## 2 Canada  CAN      1998         21.7        0.0824           19.6         2.21
## 3 Canada  CAN      1999         21.2        0.0751           19.2         2.19
## 4 Canada  CAN      2000         20.3        0.0682           18.3         2.13
## 5 Canada  CAN      2001         19.8        0.0641           17.9         2.08
## 6 Canada  CAN      2002         19.5        0.0605           17.7         2.05
## # ... with 1 more variable: Count <int>

Death Count

Which country has the highest death count?

Let’s make a table depicting the high and low populated countries and their respected death count due to pollution.

Here’s a graph to clearly visualize the previous table

So we’ve looked at the deaths due to pollution, but what percentage of the population was affected?

Pollution Types

Which type of pollution has the greatest number of deaths?

## # A tibble: 6 x 4
##   country       avg_indoor avg_outdoor avg_ozone
##   <chr>              <dbl>       <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1 Australia          0.249        17.2     0.360
## 2 Brazil            19.4          26.8     2.74 
## 3 Germany            0.717        25.5     2.34 
## 4 Nigeria           75.9          35.2     2.12 
## 5 Pakistan          87.7          50.5    10.4  
## 6 United States      0.166        22.8     3.92

## # A tibble: 6 x 4
##   country     avg_indoor avg_outdoor avg_ozone
##   <chr>            <dbl>       <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1 Canada          0.0651        16.4    1.97  
## 2 Chile           8.69          27.2    0.850 
## 3 Malawi        132.            13.8    3.39  
## 4 New Zealand     0.291         15.6    0.0728
## 5 Serbia         35.9           42.7    2.94  
## 6 Sri Lanka      44.5           24.8    0.430

Pollution Over Time

Let’s look at the previous two decades and compare the death count Has there been a change?

Let’s graph the previous tables!

The first decade.

This shows the second decade.

Which year had the worst indoor? Outdoor particulate? Outdoor ozone?

Indoor Deaths

Outdoor Deaths

Ozone Deaths

Which is worse?

outdoor or indoor pollution?

Let’s reintroduce a graph we looked at earlier. Instead this time we will combine the pollutant types together.

We cannot conclude which is worse.

• Low Populated Countries:
  • it’s half-and-half
• High Populated Countries:
  • Outdoor pollution seems to be more detrimental with the exception of two countries in this sample set.

We have this included already

#Mean total deaths from 1996-2017 of high-population countries
deaths_highpop_countries <- deaths_df %>% 
  filter(country %in% c('United States', 'Brazil', 'Nigeria', 'Germany', 'Pakistan', 'Australia')) %>% 
  group_by(country) %>% 
  select(total_deaths) %>% 
  summarize(average_death_high = mean(total_deaths))

## Adding missing grouping variables: `country`

#Mean total deaths from 1990-2017 of high-population countries
deaths_lowpop_countries<- deaths_df %>% 
  filter(year> 1995 & country %in% c('Canada', 'Chile', 'Malawi', 'Serbia', 'Sri Lanka', 'New Zealand')) %>% 
  group_by(country) %>% 
  select(total_deaths) %>% 
  summarize(average_death_low = mean(total_deaths))

## Adding missing grouping variables: `country`

#death_lowpop_countries
kable(list(deaths_highpop_countries, deaths_lowpop_countries))

ggplot(deaths_highpop_countries)+
  geom_col(mapping = aes(x=country, y=average_death_high))+
             xlab("Country")+
             ylab("Average deaths (per 100,000)")+
             ggtitle("Average total deaths in high-population countries")+
  coord_flip()

ggplot(deaths_lowpop_countries)+
  geom_col(mapping = aes(x=country, y=average_death_low))+
             xlab("Country")+
             ylab("Average deaths (per 100,000)")+
             ggtitle("Average total deaths in low-population countries")+
  coord_flip()

Summary

Sources